Contributing to the accident were the captain's preoccupation with stopping on the slippery runway, and some loss of aircraft performance below 400 feet agl. The upslope illusion led both crew members to believe the aircraft was higher than it actually was, and the crew did not respond to visual cues from the precision approach path indicator, which showed the aircraft to be too low. The tail strike occurred because the crew responded to a visual illusion with an unwarranted power reduction between the minimum descent altitude and touchdown. The tail of the aircraft struck the runway, causing substantial damage to the tail skid and rear fuselage. During the landing at Halifax, the aircraft crossed the runway threshold about 20 feet above ground level (agl) and touched down 200 feet past the threshold. At an angle of 35° either side of runway centerline, the useful volume extends up to 10 NM.The Boeing 767-375, Canadian Airlines International flight 48 (CDN48), was on a flight from Toronto, Ontario, to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Usable volume extends to 18 NM for a path up to 10° either side of runway centerline. The localizer system is placed about 1,000 feet from the far end of the approached runway. Taking this theory to the HSI where the currently flown heading is always on the top half and you can never have reverse sensing. Reverse sensing occurs when the current heading is on the bottom half of the VOR. A clearance limit is always preceded by the words, “Cleared to…” as above.īut, it does allow you to use GPS for navigation, as long as you tune and monitor your position for final course alignment using VOR indications. The clearance issued prior to departure normally authorizes flight to the airport of intended landing. What is an IFR clearance limit?įormally, a clearance limit is the fix, point, or location to which an aircraft is cleared when issued an air traffic clearance. What action should you take if your DME fails at FL 240? Notify ATC of the failure and continue to the next airport of intended landing where repairs can be made. What action should you take if your DME fails at fl240? With a horizontal situation indicator (HSI) system, reverse sensing is eliminated if it is set appropriately to the front course. Reverse sensing occurs on the back course using standard VOR equipment. A needle that remains centered means your airplane is tracking the runway centerline. If the needle is to the right, you go to the right if it is to the left, you go to the left. You track the localizer by following the needle shown in Figure 2-3 (position A). And, yes, without being in OBS mode the CDI/HSI will only show you relative to the flight plan course, not the course selected. Keep in mind the G1000 uses an HSI so it DEFINITELY can’t do “reverse sensing” or “reverse orientation” (or whatever term we want to use). The traffic clearance issued prior to departure will normally authorize flight to the airport of intended landing. Which clearance procedures may be issued by ATC?ĪTC clearances normally contain the following: Back Course Localizer Because you are closer to the localizer antenna, the course information is more narrow and can seem “sensitive.” Just don’t forget the switch that allows the flight director to get its mind right about the front course versus the back course. Why is localizer more sensitive on back course? Every localizer transmitter radiates a signal in two directions, one being the “front course” and the other is the “back course.” For example, an ILS RWY 26 with a centerline heading of 260, the antenna is located at the RWY 8 end of the runway and radiates a front course in the direction of 080 for runway 26.
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